![]() ![]() But now some conflicts are treated as threats to international peace and security even if two states are not fighting. Vent outbreaks in such hot spots will take different forms in the changed international situation.Ī potentially revolutionary change in world politics has been a de facto redefinition of “international conflict.” International conflict still includes the old-fashioned war, a violent confrontation between nation states acting through their own armed forces or proxies with at least one state fighting outside its borders. ![]() It seems likely, though, that efforts to pre. It is still too soon to tell whether this shift in the most lethal type of warfare is a lasting change: the continued presence of contested borders between militarily potent states-in Korea, Kashmir, Taiwan, and the Middle East-gives reason to postpone judgment. Subnational ethnic and religious conflicts, however, have been so intense that the first post-Cold War decade was marked by enough deadly lower-intensity conflicts to make it the bloodiest since the advent of nuclear weapons (Wallensteen and Sollenberg, 1996). One indication of change is the noteworthy decrease in the frequency and death toll of international wars in the 1990s. These transformations are changing much in the world, including, it seems, the shape of organized violence and the ways in which governments and others try to set its limits. The list of potentially epoch-making changes is familiar by now: the end of an era of bipolarity, a new wave of democratization, increasing globalization of information and economic power, more frequent efforts at international coordination of security policy, a rash of sometimes-violent expressions of claims to rights based on cultural identity, and a redefinition of sovereignty that imposes on states new responsibilities to their citizens and the world community. Old patterns have come unstuck, and if new patterns are emerging, it is still too soon to define them clearly. An old system is gone and, although it is easy to identify what has changed, it is not yet clear that a new system has taken its place. The world has transformed rapidly in the decade since the end of the Cold War. They should be expanded and adapted to changed circumstances.Committee on International Conflict Resolution Consequently, American-dominated Cold War-formed institutions such as NATO are positive tools for international stability and peace. The politically prevailing view in the US today is that the US prevailed over the Soviet Union in the Cold War. The cause of US and Soviet conflict is still debated some argue it was due to mutual fear, others argue that one or the other was bent on imperial expansion, and still others argue that both were bent on imperial expansion. The Cold War established the template for international conflict between nuclear powers. ![]() The US and the USSR and their allies and clients therefore competed indirectly through competitive interference in the internal politics of third actors. This conflict was labelled cold because nuclear weapons made direct military combat between the two likely to result in mutual suicide through escalation to so-called mutual assured destruction. ![]() It began at the close of the Second World War and continuing until Soviet-installed communist regimes collapsed in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the USSR itself disintegrated in 1991. Intense bipolar international competition for influence and control between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The efficacy of this six-word story induction process is evaluated, and the extracted six-word stories are applied to cyberwar potentials during the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). These resulting six-word stories are analyzed along multiple dimensions: data sources (government, journalism, academia, and social media), expert calls-and-crowd responses, and by time periods (pre-cyberwar and cyberwar periods). The resulting inducted six-word stories are used to (1) describe and summarize the underlying textual information (to enable a bridge to a complex topic) (2) produce insights about the underlying textual information and related in-world phenomena and (3) answer particular research questions. From curated “cyberwar” text sets (from government, mainstream journalism, academia, and social media), six-word stories are computationally induced (using word frequency counts, text searches, word network analysis, word clustering, and other means), supported by post-induction human writing. ![]()
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